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For international students: the number comes from the pension insurance, not from a health insurer. Foreign insurance doesn't stop it.

Eleven digits, by post after you register your address. No letter after three months? Request it again.

EU students with an EHIC stay in their home system as long as they don't work here; a job usually changes that. Non-EU: German insurance.

EU, EEA and Swiss citizens: no limit. Non-EU students on a study permit: 140 full or 280 half days a year. University jobs don't count.

Tax class I, one employer: usually no duty to file. Tax class VI or two jobs at once: you must. Filing voluntarily can get wage tax back.